b'Management6. Artificial intelligence and predictive analytics can helpthere is no need to fly blind. Technology is aFour Principles for Steering Outcomescentral element to solving most modern problems, though not the only element. Artificial intelligence can help governments to better understand problems and form solutions. The use of predictive analytics like artificial intelligence and machine learning could fuel far more useful strategies by experts. 7. Managing risks helps to avoid crises from getting unnecessarily worse. Unlikely events that have high potential consequences still require preparation. Risk management can help weigh the odds and spell out plans for future calamities. Risk management needs to be part of the basic game plan of every political leader. This does not mean that the leader needs to personally participate in and resolve every potential problem. But it does mean that the leader needs to be schooled in black swan events that might occur, to exercise responses for the events likely to demand attention, and to ensure that the team builds the capacity to act on even low probability events that could ultimately prove damaging. Risks must also be communicated throughout the organization and with the public so that they can be anticipated and addressed appropriately. 8. The key is networksbut they do not spontaneously organize themselves. When addressing a major crisis, organizing all the participants trying to respond is necessary. Unfortunately, these kinds of networks must be consciously formedthey do not come together spontaneously. Networks provide the core of the nations response to any crisis of any real scale. Local governments, especially counties, often are at the hub of these networks. Planning for any emergency requires recognizing and acting on these two inescapable truths, before crises occurand9. Solutions to crises require trustbut trust is hard-strengthening the capacity of the networks to respond toearned. When many people face great risk, they must evolving crises. trust those who lead response and recoveryor those interventions are severely impeded. 10. Experiments in the laboratories of democracy are greatbut they are worthless without learning. States and localities often help find solutions by trying a variety of different approaches to solving a problem. But ignoring the lessons learned across the states makes their experiments less productive. Governments at all levels can develop a far more sophisticated approach that views federalism on a continuum between national control and local flexibilityand can then determine which kinds of crises call for which kinds of action. The more sweeping and devastating the consequences, the greater need for federal steering of state and local action. 90 www.businessofgovernment.org The Business of Government'