research-consulting group that helps civic leaders organize communitybased approaches to social and economic development. He is a cofounder(with Etienne Wenger) of CPsquare, an association of practitioners cultivating communities of practice in private, public, and nonprofit sectors. He has consulted for 20 years on large-scale organizational change efforts in the private and public sectors, and worked at McKinsey & Company on strategic knowledge initiatives for the firm and its clients. His research focus is on community-of-practice applications in organizations and civil society—at city, cross-city, and international levels. Snyder’s publications include “Communities of Practice: The organizational frontier,” Etienne Wenger, andknowledge Etienne Wenger and Richard McDermott. Snyder holds A.B. and Ed.M. degrees from Harvard and a Ph.D. from the University of Southern California

William M. Snyder